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Quantum Theory
Quantum theory
is the theoretical basis of modern physics that explains the nature and
behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic level. In 1900,
physicist Max Planck presented his quantum theory to the German Physical
Society. Planck had sought to discover the reason that
radiation from a glowing body changes in color from red, to orange, and,
finally, to blue as its temperature rises. He found that by making the
assumption that energy existed in individual units in the same way that matter
does, rather than just as a constant electromagnetic wave - as had been
formerly assumed - and was therefore quantifiable, he could find the answer to
his question. The existence of these units became the first assumption of
quantum theory.
Planck wrote a
mathematical equation involving a figure to represent these individual units of
energy, which he called quanta. The equation explained the phenomenon very
well; Planck found that at certain discrete temperature levels (exact multiples
of a basic minimum value), energy from a glowing body
will occupy different areas of the color spectrum. Planck assumed there was a
theory yet to emerge from the discovery of quanta, but, in fact, their very
existence implied a completely new and fundamental understanding of the laws of
nature. Planck won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his theory in 1918, but
developments by various scientists over a thirty-year period all contributed to
the modern understanding of quantum theory.
The Development
of Quantum Theory
1900, Planck
made the assumption that energy was made of individual units, or quanta.
1905, Albert
Einstein theorized that not just the energy, but the radiation itself was
quantized in the same manner.
1924, Louis de Broglie proposed that there is no fundamental difference in
the makeup and behavior of energy and matter; on the atomic and subatomic level
either may behave as if made of either particles or waves. This theory became
known as the principle of wave-particle duality: elementary particles of both
energy and matter behave, depending on the conditions, like either particles or
waves.
1927, Werner
Heisenberg proposed that precise, simultaneous measurement of two complementary
values - such as the position and momentum of a subatomic particle - is
impossible. Contrary to the principles of classical physics, their simultaneous
measurement is inescapably flawed; the more precisely one value is measured,
the more flawed will be the measurement of the other value. This theory became
known as the uncertainty principle, which prompted Albert Einstein's famous
comment, "God does not play dice."
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